Global Security Review

China learned the value of hard power during its so-called “century of humiliation.” Now, as China begins its century of expansion, it’s learning to use soft power, too. In reference to China’s foreign policy strategy, Deng Xiaoping once said: “hide your strength, bide your time.” For three…

Following the decolonization of Africa in the 1960s and 1970s, African governments decided against redrawing arbitrary national borders that were created by European powers. In many states, this decision gave rise to political, ethnic, and religious violence for the latter half of the 20th century.…

The concept of information operations (IO) has entered into our everyday lexicon without a precise definition. Any stated definition of information operations is relative to the context. IO remains a complex subject, and the field is evolving. This article hopes to provide greater insight and…

For over four years, Western governments and international organizations have levied increased sanctions on Russia. Sanctions were first imposed in 2014 when the United States and European Union imposed visa restrictions and asset freezes on Russian officials in the wake of Russia’s annexation of…